Reaction Heat Energy Calculator

Draw or enter molecules, then compute ΔH

Bond Energy Estimation

Structure Editor

Draw a structure above, or type SMILES directly. Click "Get" to extract SMILES from the drawing.

Templates
    Combustion / Formation Heat

    Uses the molecule in the SMILES field above. Combustion products: CO2 / H2O(g) / N2 / SO2. H2O is treated as gas, so ΔH corresponds to the lower heating value (LHV).

    Reaction Scheme

    Reactants

    • Add molecules as reactants

    Products

    • Add molecules as products
    K (Benson ΔH(T)/ΔG(T)/K — Kirchhoff approx., 200–1500 K)
    Calculation History
      Batch Calculation

      One reaction per line: "2 CCO + 3 O=O >> 2 O=C=O + 3 O" (coefficient before each SMILES is optional, ">>" separates reactants and products)

      How to Use

      1. Enter Molecules

      Draw a molecule in the structure editor on the left panel, or type a SMILES string directly.

      2. Add Reactants and Products

      After entering a SMILES, click "+ Reactant" or "+ Product" to add it. Adjust stoichiometric coefficients using the number input next to each molecule.

      3. Calculate

      The "Calculate ΔH" button activates when at least one reactant and one product are present. It computes:

      4. Export Results

      Click "Export CSV" below the results to download all data as a CSV file.

      If atom counts or charges are unbalanced between reactants and products, a warning is shown. Please set the correct stoichiometric coefficients.

      Calculation Methods

      Method 1: Bond Dissociation Energy (BDE) + Corrections

      The total bond energy of each molecule is summed, and ΔH is calculated from the difference between reactants and products.

      ΔH = Σ(bond energies of reactants) − Σ(bond energies of products)

      ΔH < 0 indicates an exothermic reaction (bond formation exceeds bond breaking); ΔH > 0 is endothermic.

      BDE Corrections

      CorrectionDescriptionValue
      Ring strain Small rings have weakened bonds due to angle strain; subtracted from bond energy 3-membered: 115 kJ/mol, 4-membered: 109 kJ/mol, 5-membered: 26 kJ/mol
      Aromatic stabilization Aromatic rings have strengthened bonds due to resonance; added to bond energy 150 kJ/mol per 6-membered aromatic ring

      Supported Bonds (BDE Method)

      Supports single, double, and triple bonds between the following elements:

      ElementBond Partners
      HH, B, C, N, O, S, F, Cl, Br, I, Si, P
      CC, N, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, Si, P (single/double/triple)
      NN, O, F, Cl, Si, S, P (single/double/triple)
      OO, F, Cl, Si, S, P (single/double)
      SS, F, Cl (single/double)
      BH, C, N, O, F, Cl, B

      Method 2: Benson Group Additivity

      The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) of each molecule is calculated as a sum of group contributions, then ΔH is derived from:

      ΔHf°(molecule) = Σ(group contributions) + ring correction
      ΔHrxn = ΣΔHf°(products) − ΣΔHf°(reactants)

      Groups are classified by the central atom type and its neighbors. For example, ethane (CH3-CH3) has two C-(C)(H)3 groups.

      Supported Center Atom Types (Benson)

      SymbolMeaningExample
      Csp3 carbonAlkanes, alcohols, halides
      Cdsp2 carbon (C=C)Alkenes, vinyl ethers
      CbAromatic carbonBenzene ring
      COCarbonyl carbon (C=O)Aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides
      Ctsp carbon (C≡C)Alkynes
      CNNitrile carbon (C≡N)Nitriles
      OOxygenAlcohols, ethers, esters
      NNitrogenAmines, amides, nitro groups
      SSulfurThiols, thioethers, disulfides
      SiSiliconSilanes, siloxanes

      Supported Functional Groups

      CategoryFunctional Groups
      HydrocarbonsAlkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, dienes, fused rings
      OxygenAlcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, phenols
      NitrogenPrimary/secondary/tertiary amines, amides, nitriles, nitro (alkyl/aryl), aromatic amines
      SulfurThiols, thioethers, disulfides, thioesters
      HalogensAlkyl fluorides/chlorides/bromides/iodides, aryl halides, polyhalogenated
      SiliconSilanes, alkylsilanes, siloxanes (Si-O-Si), alkoxysilanes

      Ring Corrections

      Ring TypeCorrection (kJ/mol)
      3-membered (cyclopropane, etc.)+115.5
      4-membered (cyclobutane, etc.)+109.2
      5-membered (cyclopentane, etc.)+26.4
      6-membered (cyclohexane, etc.)0.0
      Pyridine+6.7
      Furan+27.6
      Thiophene+19.2
      Pyrrole+14.2

      Known ΔHf° Database

      The following representative molecules use literature ΔHf°(gas) values directly for higher accuracy:

      CategoryMolecules
      Basic gasesH2, O2, N2, H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, NH3, HCN, H2S
      HalogensF2, Cl2, Br2, I2, HF, HCl, HBr, HI
      AlkanesEthane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, isobutane, cyclohexane
      UnsaturatedEthylene, propylene, isobutylene, styrene, acetylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, naphthalene
      Oxygen-containingMethanol, ethanol, IPA, t-BuOH, diethyl ether, THF, acetone, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, benzoic acid, glycerol
      Nitrogen-containingMethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, N-methylacetamide, urea, pyridine, pyrrole
      Sulfur-containingMethanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, thiophene, DMSO
      HalogenatedDCM, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, fluoromethane, chlorobenzene, bromomethane
      Silicon-containingTetramethylsilane (TMS)

      Entropy (ΔS) and Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)

      In the Benson method, group entropy contributions S° are summed to calculate reaction entropy.

      ΔSrxn = ΣS°(products) − ΣS°(reactants)
      ΔGrxn = ΔHrxn − T × ΔSrxn   (T = 298.15 K)

      ΔG < 0 means the reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous (equilibrium favors products). Note that ΔH < 0 does not guarantee spontaneity if ΔS is significantly negative.

      Liquid Phase Correction

      All calculations are based on the gas phase, but built-in ΔHvap data for common solvents and reagents enables liquid-phase ΔH estimation.

      ΔH(liquid) = ΔH(gas) − [ΣΔHvap(products) − ΣΔHvap(reactants)]

      Displayed only when ΔHvap data is available for all molecules. Does not include solvation effects.

      CSV Export

      The "Export CSV" button downloads the following data:

      More Features

      Calculation History

      Every successful calculation is saved automatically to the "Calculation History" panel (up to 50 entries, stored locally in your browser). You can reload a past reaction, delete individual entries, or export the whole history as CSV. No data leaves your device.

      Dark Mode and Units

      Use the circle button in the header to cycle theme: auto (follows OS setting) → dark → light. The kJ/kcal toggle switches all energy values between kJ/mol and kcal/mol (entropy: J/(mol·K) ↔ cal/(mol·K)).

      Templates

      The "Templates" panel contains built-in example reactions (combustion, hydrogenation, esterification, Haber process) and lets you save the current reaction under a name for later reuse.

      Share Link and PDF Report

      "Share Link" copies a URL that encodes the current reaction in the URL fragment — opening it restores and recalculates the reaction. The reaction itself is never sent to a server. "PDF Report" opens the print dialog with an A4-formatted report (use "Save as PDF" as the printer).

      Temperature Dependence, ΔG(T) and Equilibrium Constant

      Set the temperature (200–1500 K) in the Reaction Scheme card. Benson results are extrapolated with the Kirchhoff approximation using group-additive Cp°298 values (ΔCp assumed constant):

      ΔH(T) = ΔH°298 + ΔCp·(T − 298.15)
      ΔS(T) = ΔS°298 + ΔCp·ln(T / 298.15)
      ΔG(T) = ΔH(T) − T·ΔS(T),   K = exp(−ΔG(T) / RT)

      If Cp group data is missing for any species, extrapolation is skipped and 298 K values are shown. The constant-ΔCp approximation degrades far from 298 K; treat high-temperature values as rough estimates.

      Adiabatic Temperature Rise (ΔTad)

      Below the results, a panel estimates ΔTad = |ΔH|×n / (m×cp) from reaction extent n (mol), mass m (kg) and specific heat cp (kJ/kg·K). This is a screening-level estimate only — use measured data (DSC/ARC) for safety decisions.

      Batch Calculation

      The "Batch Calculation" panel processes one reaction per line, e.g. 2 CCO + 3 O=O >> 2 O=C=O + 3 O. Separate species with " + " (spaces required) and sides with ">>". Results can be exported as CSV.

      Auto-Balance

      The "Balance" button in the Reaction Scheme card (also shown inside the imbalance warning) determines the smallest integer stoichiometric coefficients automatically by solving the element/charge balance matrix. If the species admit no balanced solution, or multiple independent reactions make the solution non-unique, a message is shown instead.

      Combustion / Formation Heat

      Enter a fuel molecule in the SMILES field, then use the "Combustion / Formation Heat" panel. "Build combustion & calculate" constructs the balanced combustion reaction (products: CO2, H2O(g), N2, SO2; supported fuel elements C/H/O/N/S) and calculates it. Because H2O is treated as gas, the resulting ΔH corresponds to the lower heating value (LHV). "Show ΔHf° only" displays the standard enthalpy of formation of the molecule itself.

      Equilibrium Conversion

      When an equilibrium constant K is available, a panel below the results estimates the equilibrium conversion of the limiting reactant by solving K = Π(yiP)νi for the extent of reaction (bisection method). Initial reactant amounts and total pressure P are adjustable; products start at 0 mol. Ideal-gas behavior is assumed — treat the result as a screening estimate.

      Accuracy and Limitations

      MethodAccuracyStrengthsLimitations
      BDE method ±20–50 kJ/mol Applicable to almost all molecules; intuitive Bond rearrangements may cancel out. Ignores environmental effects
      Benson method ±5–15 kJ/mol High accuracy; entropy calculation available Requires supported groups. Cannot calculate unsupported functional groups
      Disclaimer: This tool provides approximate values only. For safety evaluation, process design, or scale-up decisions, always use experimentally measured data (e.g., DSC) and reliable literature values. Expert risk assessment is essential for reactions with large exothermic ΔH.