Draw or enter molecules, then compute ΔH
Draw a structure above, or type SMILES directly. Click "Get" to extract SMILES from the drawing.
Uses the molecule in the SMILES field above. Combustion products: CO2 / H2O(g) / N2 / SO2. H2O is treated as gas, so ΔH corresponds to the lower heating value (LHV).
One reaction per line: "2 CCO + 3 O=O >> 2 O=C=O + 3 O" (coefficient before each SMILES is optional, ">>" separates reactants and products)
Draw a molecule in the structure editor on the left panel, or type a SMILES string directly.
O (water), [H][H] (hydrogen), O=O (oxygen), c1ccccc1 (benzene), CCO (ethanol)After entering a SMILES, click "+ Reactant" or "+ Product" to add it. Adjust stoichiometric coefficients using the number input next to each molecule.
The "Calculate ΔH" button activates when at least one reactant and one product are present. It computes:
Click "Export CSV" below the results to download all data as a CSV file.
The total bond energy of each molecule is summed, and ΔH is calculated from the difference between reactants and products.
ΔH < 0 indicates an exothermic reaction (bond formation exceeds bond breaking); ΔH > 0 is endothermic.
| Correction | Description | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Ring strain | Small rings have weakened bonds due to angle strain; subtracted from bond energy | 3-membered: 115 kJ/mol, 4-membered: 109 kJ/mol, 5-membered: 26 kJ/mol |
| Aromatic stabilization | Aromatic rings have strengthened bonds due to resonance; added to bond energy | 150 kJ/mol per 6-membered aromatic ring |
Supports single, double, and triple bonds between the following elements:
| Element | Bond Partners |
|---|---|
| H | H, B, C, N, O, S, F, Cl, Br, I, Si, P |
| C | C, N, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, Si, P (single/double/triple) |
| N | N, O, F, Cl, Si, S, P (single/double/triple) |
| O | O, F, Cl, Si, S, P (single/double) |
| S | S, F, Cl (single/double) |
| B | H, C, N, O, F, Cl, B |
The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) of each molecule is calculated as a sum of group contributions, then ΔH is derived from:
Groups are classified by the central atom type and its neighbors. For example, ethane (CH3-CH3) has two C-(C)(H)3 groups.
| Symbol | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| C | sp3 carbon | Alkanes, alcohols, halides |
| Cd | sp2 carbon (C=C) | Alkenes, vinyl ethers |
| Cb | Aromatic carbon | Benzene ring |
| CO | Carbonyl carbon (C=O) | Aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides |
| Ct | sp carbon (C≡C) | Alkynes |
| CN | Nitrile carbon (C≡N) | Nitriles |
| O | Oxygen | Alcohols, ethers, esters |
| N | Nitrogen | Amines, amides, nitro groups |
| S | Sulfur | Thiols, thioethers, disulfides |
| Si | Silicon | Silanes, siloxanes |
| Category | Functional Groups |
|---|---|
| Hydrocarbons | Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, dienes, fused rings |
| Oxygen | Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, phenols |
| Nitrogen | Primary/secondary/tertiary amines, amides, nitriles, nitro (alkyl/aryl), aromatic amines |
| Sulfur | Thiols, thioethers, disulfides, thioesters |
| Halogens | Alkyl fluorides/chlorides/bromides/iodides, aryl halides, polyhalogenated |
| Silicon | Silanes, alkylsilanes, siloxanes (Si-O-Si), alkoxysilanes |
| Ring Type | Correction (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|
| 3-membered (cyclopropane, etc.) | +115.5 |
| 4-membered (cyclobutane, etc.) | +109.2 |
| 5-membered (cyclopentane, etc.) | +26.4 |
| 6-membered (cyclohexane, etc.) | 0.0 |
| Pyridine | +6.7 |
| Furan | +27.6 |
| Thiophene | +19.2 |
| Pyrrole | +14.2 |
The following representative molecules use literature ΔHf°(gas) values directly for higher accuracy:
| Category | Molecules |
|---|---|
| Basic gases | H2, O2, N2, H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, NH3, HCN, H2S |
| Halogens | F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, HF, HCl, HBr, HI |
| Alkanes | Ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, isobutane, cyclohexane |
| Unsaturated | Ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, styrene, acetylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, naphthalene |
| Oxygen-containing | Methanol, ethanol, IPA, t-BuOH, diethyl ether, THF, acetone, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, benzoic acid, glycerol |
| Nitrogen-containing | Methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, N-methylacetamide, urea, pyridine, pyrrole |
| Sulfur-containing | Methanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, thiophene, DMSO |
| Halogenated | DCM, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, fluoromethane, chlorobenzene, bromomethane |
| Silicon-containing | Tetramethylsilane (TMS) |
In the Benson method, group entropy contributions S° are summed to calculate reaction entropy.
ΔG < 0 means the reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous (equilibrium favors products). Note that ΔH < 0 does not guarantee spontaneity if ΔS is significantly negative.
All calculations are based on the gas phase, but built-in ΔHvap data for common solvents and reagents enables liquid-phase ΔH estimation.
Displayed only when ΔHvap data is available for all molecules. Does not include solvation effects.
The "Export CSV" button downloads the following data:
Every successful calculation is saved automatically to the "Calculation History" panel (up to 50 entries, stored locally in your browser). You can reload a past reaction, delete individual entries, or export the whole history as CSV. No data leaves your device.
Use the circle button in the header to cycle theme: auto (follows OS setting) → dark → light. The kJ/kcal toggle switches all energy values between kJ/mol and kcal/mol (entropy: J/(mol·K) ↔ cal/(mol·K)).
The "Templates" panel contains built-in example reactions (combustion, hydrogenation, esterification, Haber process) and lets you save the current reaction under a name for later reuse.
"Share Link" copies a URL that encodes the current reaction in the URL fragment — opening it restores and recalculates the reaction. The reaction itself is never sent to a server. "PDF Report" opens the print dialog with an A4-formatted report (use "Save as PDF" as the printer).
Set the temperature (200–1500 K) in the Reaction Scheme card. Benson results are extrapolated with the Kirchhoff approximation using group-additive Cp°298 values (ΔCp assumed constant):
If Cp group data is missing for any species, extrapolation is skipped and 298 K values are shown. The constant-ΔCp approximation degrades far from 298 K; treat high-temperature values as rough estimates.
Below the results, a panel estimates ΔTad = |ΔH|×n / (m×cp) from reaction extent n (mol), mass m (kg) and specific heat cp (kJ/kg·K). This is a screening-level estimate only — use measured data (DSC/ARC) for safety decisions.
The "Batch Calculation" panel processes one reaction per line, e.g. 2 CCO + 3 O=O >> 2 O=C=O + 3 O. Separate species with " + " (spaces required) and sides with ">>". Results can be exported as CSV.
The "Balance" button in the Reaction Scheme card (also shown inside the imbalance warning) determines the smallest integer stoichiometric coefficients automatically by solving the element/charge balance matrix. If the species admit no balanced solution, or multiple independent reactions make the solution non-unique, a message is shown instead.
Enter a fuel molecule in the SMILES field, then use the "Combustion / Formation Heat" panel. "Build combustion & calculate" constructs the balanced combustion reaction (products: CO2, H2O(g), N2, SO2; supported fuel elements C/H/O/N/S) and calculates it. Because H2O is treated as gas, the resulting ΔH corresponds to the lower heating value (LHV). "Show ΔHf° only" displays the standard enthalpy of formation of the molecule itself.
When an equilibrium constant K is available, a panel below the results estimates the equilibrium conversion of the limiting reactant by solving K = Π(yiP)νi for the extent of reaction (bisection method). Initial reactant amounts and total pressure P are adjustable; products start at 0 mol. Ideal-gas behavior is assumed — treat the result as a screening estimate.
| Method | Accuracy | Strengths | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
| BDE method | ±20–50 kJ/mol | Applicable to almost all molecules; intuitive | Bond rearrangements may cancel out. Ignores environmental effects |
| Benson method | ±5–15 kJ/mol | High accuracy; entropy calculation available | Requires supported groups. Cannot calculate unsupported functional groups |